Classification of solids based on different binding forces

(Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids)

• Questions based on Metallic solids are expected this year

Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices

• Calculation of number of atoms per unit cell is expected

Calculation of density of unit cell

• Numerical problems are expected

Packing in solids

• Questions based on packing efficiency, calculation of radius etc. are also expected

Electrical and magnetic properties

Band theory of Metals, Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators and n & p type semiconductors

• Question based on  electron sea model are expected

Types of solutions

• One mark question based on types of solutions are expected e.g., Alloy is an example of solid in solid solution

Henry’s law – Questions related to Henry’s law are frequently asked in CBSE Class 12 Chemistry board exam

Solubility of gases in liquids

• How it changes with changes in temperature etc.

Colligative properties

Raoult’s law (Important)

Relative lowering of vapour pressure (Numerical problems are expected)

Depression of freezing point (Theoretical questions on applications & numerical problems are expected)

Elevation of boiling point (Numerical problems are expected)

Osmotic pressure

Determination of molecular masses using colligative properties (Numerical problems are expected)

Abnormal molecular mass

Van’t Hoff factor

• When it is less than 1 and when it is greater than 1

Redox reactions (prepare definition with examples, corrosion is an example of redox reaction)

Conductance in electrolytic solutions (One marks questions are expected)

Specific and molar conductivity (Numerical problems are expected, theoretical questions related to SI units are also expected)

Variations of conductivity with concentration (Theoretical question can be asked)

Kohlrausch’s Law (Numerical problems are expected)

Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (Faradays’ laws are also important)

Dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells (Theoretical question can be asked)

Lead accumulator (Theoretical question can be asked)

EMF of a cell (Numerical problems are expected)

Standard electrode potential (Very important)

Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells

Relation between Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell

Fuel cells (Theoretical questions are expected)

Corrosion (One should remember chemical equations)

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous)

Factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst

• Conceptual questions are expected

Order and molecularity of a reaction (Very important)

Rate law and specific rate constant  (Very important)

Integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions)

Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)

Activation energy (Very important, effect of temperature)

Arrhenious equation (Very important)

Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption  (Very important)

Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids

• Conceptual questions are expected

Catalysis

Homogenous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity

Enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions

Colloids and suspension

Lyophilic, lyophobic multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids (Very important)

Properties of colloids

Tyndall effect (Very important)

Brownian movement (Very important)

Electrophoresis

Coagulation

Emulsion – types of emulsions

Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction (Very important)

Electrolytic method and refining

Occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc & iron

Group 15 Elements:

Electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties

• Conceptual questions are expected

Nitrogen, preparation properties & uses

• Conceptual questions are expected

Compounds of Nitrogen

• Preparation and properties of Ammonia and Nitric acid,

Oxides of Nitrogen (Structure only) – Important

Phosphorus – (Very important)

Allotropic forms

Compounds of Phosphorus

Preparation and properties of Phosphine, Halides and Oxoacids (elementary idea only)

Group 16 Elements:

Electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties

• Conceptual questions are expected

Dioxygen: Preparation, Properties& uses (Very important)

Classification of oxides

Ozone (Very important)

Sulphure -allotropic forms

Compounds of sulphure: Preparation properties and uses of sulphur-dioxide

Sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses (Very important)

Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only)

Group 17 Elements:

Electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties

Compounds of halogens

Preparation properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid (Very important)

Interhalogen compounds

Oxoacids of halogens

Group 18 Elements:

Electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties & uses

Electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals

General trends in properties of the first row transition metals –

• metallic character
• ionization enthalpy (very important)
• oxidation states (very important)
• ionic radii
• colour
• catalytic property
• magnetic properties
• interstitial compounds (very important)
• alloy formation

Preparation and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄

Lanthanoids –

• Electronic configuration
  • Oxidation states
  • Chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences

Actinoids –

• Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids

Ligands

Coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes ( very important)

IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds

Bonding,

Werner’s theory  

VBT (very important)

 CFT (very important)

Structure and stereo isomerism (very important)

Haloalkanes:

• Nomenclature
  • Nature of C-X bond
  • Physical and chemical properties
  • Mechanism of substitution reactions
  • Optical rotation

Haloarenes:

• Nature of C -X bond,
  • Substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only.
  • Uses and environmental effects of –
  • Dichloromethane
  • Trichloromethane
  • Tetrachloromethane
  • Iodoform
  • Freons
  • DDT

Alcohols:

Nomenclature

Methods of preparation

Physical and chemical properties (primary alcohols only)

Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols (very important)

Mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol

Phenols:

• Nomenclature
• Methods of preparation
• Physical and chemical properties
• Acidic nature of phenol
• Electrophilic substitution reactions
• Uses of phenols

Ethers:

• Nomenclature
• Methods of preparation
• Physical and chemical properties
• Uses

Aldehydes and Ketones:

• Nomenclature,
• Nature of carbonyl group,
• Methods of preparation,
• Physical and chemical properties,
• Mechanism of Nucleophilic addition (very important)
• Reactivity of alpha hydrogen in Aldehydes: Uses

Carboxylic Acids:

• Nomenclature
• Acidic nature
• Methods of preparation (very important)
• Physical and chemical properties (very important)
• Uses

Amines:

• Nomenclature
• Classification
• Structure
• Methods of preparation (most important)
• Physical and chemical properties
• Uses
• Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines (very important)

Cyanides and Isocyanides

Diazonium salts:

• Preparation
  • Chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry (very important)

Carbohydrates –

• Classification (aldoses and ketoses)
  • Monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose)
  • D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
  • Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
  • Importance of carbohydrates

Proteins –

• Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins,
  • Structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only) – very important
  • Denaturation of proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones – Elementary idea excluding structure
  • Vitamins – Classification and functions
  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

Classification of polymers –

• Natural and synthetic
  • Methods of polymerization (addition and condensation)
  • Copolymerization (very important)
  • Some important polymers:
  • Natural and synthetic like polythene,
  • Nylon polyesters
  • Bakelite (very important)
  • Rubber
  • Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers

Chemicals in medicines –

• Analgesics
  • Tranquilizers antiseptics
  • Disinfectants
  • Antimicrobials
  • Antifertility drugs
  • Antibiotics (very important)l
  • Antacids (very important)
  • Antihistamines

Chemicals in food –

• Preservations
  • Artificial sweetening agents (very important)
  • Elementary idea of antioxidants

Cleansing agents –

• Soaps and detergents (very important)
  • Cleansing action (very important)